Abstract
A na-ewere batrị lithium-ion (LIBs) dị ka otu n'ime teknụzụ nchekwa ike kachasị mkpa.Ka ike ike nke batrị na-abawanye, nchekwa batrị na-adịkwa mkpa karị ma ọ bụrụ na ewepụta ike ahụ n'amaghị ama.Ihe mberede metụtara ọkụ na mgbawa nke LIB na-emekarị n'ụwa niile.Ụfọdụ ebutela ndụ na ahụike mmadụ egwu dị egwu ma mee ka ndị na-emepụta ihe na-echeta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa.Ihe omume ndị a na-echetara na nchekwa bụ ihe dị mkpa maka batrị, yana mkpa ka edozi nsogbu ndị siri ike tupu ngwa ngwa nke sistemụ batrị dị elu n'ọdịnihu.Nlebanya a bu n'obi ichikota isi mmalite nke okwu nchekwa LIB ma gosi ọganihu dị mkpa na nso nso a n'ichepụta ihe iji kwalite nchekwa LIB.Anyị na-atụ anya na Nyocha a ga-akpalikwu nkwalite na nchekwa batrị, ọkachasị maka ndị LIB na-apụta nwere njupụta ike dị elu.
Mmalite nke Okwu nchekwa LIB
Electrolyte mmiri ara ehi dị n'ime LIB na-ere ọkụ n'ime ya.Otu n'ime ọdịda kachasị njọ nke sistemụ LIB bụ ihe omume ịgba ọsọ na-ekpo ọkụ, nke a na-ewere na ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata nchegbu nchekwa batrị.N'ozuzu, thermal runaway na-eme mgbe mmeghachi omume exothermic na-apụ n'anya.Ka okpomọkụ nke batrị na-ebili n'elu ~ 80 Celsius C, mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ exothermic dị n'ime batrị na-abawanye ma na-eme ka cell ahụ dịkwuo ọkụ, na-ebute usoro nzaghachi dị mma.Okpomọkụ na-arị elu na-aga n'ihu nwere ike ibute ọkụ na mgbawa, ọkachasị maka nnukwu ngwugwu batrị.Ya mere, ịghọta ihe na-akpata na usoro nke ịgba ọsọ na-ekpo ọkụ nwere ike iduzi nhazi nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ iji melite nchekwa na ntụkwasị obi nke LIBs.Enwere ike kewaa usoro ịgba ọsọ nke thermal ụzọ atọ, dị ka achịkọtara naIhe osise 1.
Fig. 1 Nkeji atọ maka usoro ịgba ọsọ okpomọkụ.
Nkeji 1: Mmalite nke ikpo oke ọkụ.Batrị ndị a na-agbanwe site na nke nkịtị gaa na ọnọdụ adịghị mma, na okpomọkụ dị n'ime na-amalite ịbawanye.Nkeji 2: Mkpokọta okpomọkụ na usoro ntọhapụ gas.Okpomọkụ dị n'ime na-ebili ngwa ngwa, batrị ahụ na-enweta mmeghachi omume dị oke egwu.Nkeji 3: Mgbawa na mgbawa.Igwe ọkụ na-enwu ọkụ na-agba ọkụ, na-eduga na ọkụ na ọbụna mgbawa.
Mmalite nke ikpo oke ọkụ (nkeji 1)
Ọpụpụ okpomọkụ na-amalite site na ikpo ọkụ nke sistemu batrị.Okpomọkụ nke mbụ nwere ike ime n'ihi na a na-ebuba batrị karịa voltaji emebere (ịchaji karịa), ikpughe oke okpomọkụ, sekit dị mkpirikpi mpụga n'ihi eriri waya na-ezighi ezi, ma ọ bụ sekit dị mkpụmkpụ dị n'ime n'ihi ntụpọ cell.N'ime ha, mkpirisi ime bụ isi ihe kpatara mgbapụ ọkụ na ọ siri ike ịchịkwa.Mkpirisi nke ime nwere ike ime n'ọnọdụ nke nchipịa cell dị ka mpụta irighiri ihe n'ime ime;nkukota ugbo ala;nhazi lithium dendrite n'okpuru njupụta njupụta dị ugbu a, n'okpuru ọnọdụ chaja ma ọ bụ na obere okpomọkụ;na ndị nkesa na-adịghị mma emepụtara n'oge mgbakọ batrị, ịkpọ aha ole na ole.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mbido Ọktoba 2013, ụgbọ ala Tesla dị nso na Seattle kụrụ irighiri ígwè nke tụrụ ọta na ngwugwu batrị ahụ.Mpekere ahụ na-abanye n'ime ndị na-ekewapụta polymer ma jikọta ya ozugbo na cathode na anode, na-eme ka batrị ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ na ọkụ ọkụ;na 2016, na Samsung Note 7 batrị ọkụ bụ n'ihi na aggressively ultrathin separator na-adị mfe mebiri site n'èzí nrụgide ma ọ bụ ịgbado ọkụ burrs na nti electrode, na-eme ka batrị na-adị mkpụmkpụ-circuit .
N'oge ogbo 1, ọrụ batrị na-agbanwe site na nkịtị gaa na ọnọdụ adịghị mma, na okwu niile edepụtara n'elu ga-eme ka batrị ahụ kpoo ọkụ.Mgbe okpomọkụ dị n'ime ahụ malitere ịba ụba, ọkwa 1 na-agwụ na ọkwa 2 ga-amalite.
Usoro ikpo ọkụ na ntọhapụ gas (nkeji 2)
Ka ogbo 2 na-amalite, okpomọkụ dị n'ime na-ebili ngwa ngwa, batrị ahụ na-enwetakwa mmeghachi omume ndị a (mmeghachi omume ndị a anaghị eme kpọmkwem n'usoro enyere, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ime n'otu oge):
(1) Mgbochi electrolyte interphase siri ike (SEI) ire ere n'ihi oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ ntinye anụ ahụ.Okpokoro SEI na-enwekarị ihe kwụsiri ike (dị ka LiF na Li2CO3) yana ihe metastable [dị ka polymers, ROCO2Li, (CH2OCO2Li) 2, na ROLi].Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị ahụ metastable nwere ike ịgbaze n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ihe ruru 90 Celsius C, na-ahapụ gas na-ere ọkụ na oxygen.Were (CH2OCO2Li)2 dịka ọmụmaatụ
(CH2OCO2Li)2→Li2CO3+C2H4+CO2+0.5O2
(2) Site na nbibi nke SEI, okpomọkụ na-ewuli elu, na lithium metal ma ọ bụ intercalated lithium na anode ga-emeghachi omume na organic solvents na electrolyte, na-ahapụ flammable hydrocarbon gas (ethane, methane, na ndị ọzọ) .Nke a bụ mmeghachi omume exothermic nke na-ebuli okpomọkụ elu n'ihu.
(3) MgbeT> ~ 130 ° C, ihe nkesa polyethylene (PE) / polypropylene (PP) na-amalite ịgbaze, nke na-eme ka ọnọdụ ahụ dịkwuo njọ ma mee ka obere oge dị n'etiti cathode na anode.
(4) N'ikpeazụ, okpomọkụ na-eme ka mbelata nke lithium metal oxide cathode ihe na-ebute ntọhapụ nke oxygen.Were LiCoO2 dị ka ọmụmaatụ, nke nwere ike ire ere malite na ~180°C dị ka ndị a
Nkwụsị nke cathode na-enwekwa oke exothermic, na-abawanye okpomọkụ na nrụgide na, n'ihi ya, na-eme ka mmeghachi omume dịkwuo ngwa ngwa.
N'oge ogbo 2, okpomọkụ na-abawanye na ikuku oxygen na-akwakọba n'ime batrị.Usoro ịgba ọsọ na-ekpo ọkụ na-esi na ogbo 2 ruo ọkwa nke atọ ozugbo ikuku oxygen na okpomọkụ zuru ezu chịkọbara maka ọkụ batrị.
Mkpọ ọkụ na mgbawa (nkeji 3)
Na ogbo 3, combustion na-amalite.Ndị electrolytes nke LIB bụ organic, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ njikọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke cyclic na linear alkyl carbonates.Ha nwere mgbanwe dị elu ma na-ere ọkụ n'ime ya nke ukwuu.N'iji carbonate electrolyte nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe [ngwakọta nke ethylene carbonate (EC) + dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1: 1 site n'ịdị arọ)] dị ka ihe atụ, ọ na-egosiputa nrụgide vapor nke 4.8 kPa na ụlọ okpomọkụ na ebe ọkụ ọkụ dị oke ala. nke 25° ± 1°C na ikuku ikuku nke 1.013 mmanya.Igwe ikuku oxygen na okpomọkụ a tọhapụrụ na ọkwa 2 na-enye ọnọdụ achọrọ maka ọkụ ọkụ nke organic electrolytes, si otú a na-ebute ọkụ ma ọ bụ mgbawa ihe ize ndụ.
Na nkebi 2 na 3, mmeghachi omume exothermic na-eme n'okpuru ọnọdụ adiabatic nso.Ya mere, accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) bụ usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe nke na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ime LIBs, nke na-eme ka anyị ghọta ihe mmetụta mmeghachi omume ọkụ ọkụ.Onyonyo 2na-egosi usoro mgbanaka ARC nke LIB edere n'oge ule mmetọ ọkụ.Na-eme ka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-abawanye na ọkwa 2, ebe okpomọkụ dị na mpụga na-abawanye okpomọkụ batrị na okpomọkụ mmalite.N'elu okpomọkụ a, SEI na-emebi emebi, nke ga-ebute mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ exothermic ọzọ.N'ikpeazụ, onye nkewa ga-agbaze.Ọnụ ọgụgụ ikpo ọkụ nke onwe ga-abawanye ma emesịa, na-eduga na mgbapụ ọkụ (mgbe ọkụ ọkụ onwe ya> 10 ° C / min) na ọkụ ọkụ electrolyte (ogbo 3).
The anode bụ mesocarbon microbead graphite.Cathode bụ LiNi0.8Co0.05Al0.05O2.Eletrọt ahụ bụ 1.2M LiPF6 na EC/PC/DMC.A na-eji ihe nkesa trilayer Celgard 2325 mee ihe.Ejiri ikike sitere na Electrochemical Society Inc.
Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na mmeghachi omume ndị ahụ e gosiri n'elu adịghị eme n'otu n'otu n'usoro e nyere.Ha bụ, kama, okwu mgbagwoju anya na usoro.
Ngwa ndị nwere nchekwa batrị emelitere
Dabere na nghọta nke ịgba ọsọ ọkụ batrị, a na-amụ ọtụtụ ụzọ, na ebumnuche nke ibelata ihe egwu nchekwa site na nhazi ezi uche nke akụrụngwa batrị.Na ngalaba na-aga nke ọma, anyị na-achịkọta ụzọ ihe dị iche iche na-abịaru nso iji melite nchekwa batrị, na-edozi nsogbu kwekọrọ na usoro ịgba ọsọ dị iche iche nke okpomọkụ.
Iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị na ogbo 1 (mmalite nke ikpo oke ọkụ)
Ihe anode a pụrụ ịdabere na ya.Nhazi Li dendrite na anode nke LIB na-amalite ọkwa mbụ nke ịgba ọsọ ọkụ.Ọ bụ ezie na e belatara okwu a na anodes nke LIBs azụmahịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, anodes carbonaceous), egbochibeghị usoro Li dendrite kpamkpam.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na LIBs azụmahịa, ntinye dendrite na-eme nke ọma na graphite electrode edge ma ọ bụrụ na anodes na cathodes adịghị ejikọta nke ọma.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọnọdụ arụ ọrụ na-ezighị ezi nke LIB nwekwara ike ịkpata nkwụnye ego Li metal na uto dendrite.A maara nke ọma na dendrite nwere ike ịmepụta ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na batrị batrị (i) na nnukwu njupụta dị ugbu a ebe ntinye nke Li metal dị ngwa ngwa karịa mgbasa nke Li ions na nnukwu graphite;(ii) n'okpuru ọnọdụ ịchafụ mgbe graphite gafere;na (iii) na obere okpomọkụ [dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ (~ 0 ° C)], n'ihi ụbara viscosity nke electrolyte mmiri mmiri na mmụba Li-ion mgbasa ozi.
Site n'echiche nke ihe Njirimara, mgbọrọgwụ si ekpebi mmalite nke Li dendrite ibu na anode bụ ejighị n'aka na nonuniform SEI, nke na-akpata uneven mpaghara ugbu a nkesa .Achọpụtala ihe ndị na-ahụ maka elektrọnịt, karịsịa ihe mgbakwunye, iji meziwanye ịdị n'otu SEI ma kpochapụ nhazi Li dendrite.Ihe mgbakwunye a na-ahụkarị gụnyere ogige inorganic [dịka ọmụmaatụ, CO2, LiI, wdg] na ogige organic nwere njikọ carbon na-adịghị edozi dị ka vinylene carbonate na ihe mgbakwunye maleimide;ụmụ irighiri ihe cyclic na-adịghị akwụsi ike dị ka butyrolactone, ethylene sulfite, na usoro ha;na ogige fluorinated dị ka fluoroethylene carbonate, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.Ọbụna na akụkụ-kwa-nde larịị, ndị a ụmụ irighiri ihe ka nwere ike melite SEI morphology, si otú homogenizing na Li-ion flux na iwepu ohere nke Li dendrite guzobe.
N'ozuzu, ihe ịma aka Li dendrite ka dị na graphite ma ọ bụ carbonaceous anodes na silicon/SiO nwere anodes na-esote ọgbọ.Ịdozi okwu gbasara uto Li dendrite bụ ihe ịma aka nke dị oke mkpa maka imeghari nke ike dị elu nke Li-ion chemistries n'ọdịnihu dị nso.Ọ ga-kwuru na, n'oge na-adịbeghị, bukwanu mgbalị e etinyere na-edozi okwu nke Li dendrite guzobe dị ọcha Li metal anodes site homogenizing na Li-ion flux n'oge Li deposition;dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpuchi mkpuchi mkpuchi mkpuchi , artificial SEI engineering , wdg N'akụkụ a, ụfọdụ n'ime ụzọ ndị ahụ nwere ike ime ka ìhè dị na otu esi edozi esemokwu ahụ na anodes carbonaceous na LIBs.
Multifunctional mmiri mmiri electrolytes na separators.Igwe mmiri electrolyte na ihe nkesa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkewapụta cathode na anode dị elu n'anụ ahụ.Ya mere, multifunctional electrolytes na separators a haziri nke ọma nwere ike ichebe batrị n'oge mmalite nke ọkụ ọkụ batrị (ogbo 1).
Iji kpuchido batrị site na nzọpịa igwe, enwetara electrolyte mmiri na-eme ka shear site na mgbakwunye dị mfe nke silica fumed na carbonate electrolyte (1 M LiFP6 na EC/DMC).N'elu nrụgide igwe ma ọ bụ mmetụta, mmiri ahụ na-egosipụta mmetụta na-eme ka shear na-abawanye na viscosity, ya mere na-ewepụ ike mmetụta na igosi nnabata maka ịkụpịa (Ihe osise 3A)
Fig. 3 Atụmatụ iji dozie okwu ndị dị na ọkwa 1.
(A) Shie thickening electrolyte.N'elu: N'ihi na nkịtị electrolyte, n'ibu mmetụta nwere ike iduga mkpirisi n'ime batrị, na-akpata ọkụ na mgbawa.N'okpuru: The novel smart electrolyte na shiee thickening mmetụta n'okpuru nrụgide ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-egosipụta magburu onwe nnabata na-echipịa, nke nwere ike imeziwanye n'ibu nchekwa nke batrị.(B) Ndị na-ekesa bifunctional maka nchọpụta mmalite nke lithium dendrites.Nhazi Dendrite na batrị lithium ọdịnala, ebe ntinye zuru oke nke onye nkewa site na lithium dendrite na-achọpụta naanị mgbe batrị dara n'ihi sekit dị mkpụmkpụ dị n'ime.N'iji ya tụnyere, batrị lithium nwere ihe nkesa bifunctional (nke mejupụtara oyi akwa sandwiched n'etiti ihe abụọ a na-emekarị), ebe lithium dendrite nke toro eto na-abanye n'ime onye na-ekesa ma na-akpọtụrụ onye na-eduzi akwa ọla kọpa, na-ebute ọdịda.VCu-Li, nke na-eje ozi dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị maka ọdịda na-abịanụ n'ihi sekit dị mkpụmkpụ dị n'ime.Agbanyeghị, batrị zuru oke na-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na enweghị ikike efu.(A) na (B) ka emegharịrị ma ọ bụ megharịa ya site na ikike sitere na Springer Nature.(C) Trilayer separator iji rie Li dendrites dị ize ndụ yana ịgbatị ndụ batrị.N'aka ekpe: Lithium anodes nwere ike ịmepụta nkwụnye ego dendritic n'ụzọ dị mfe, nke nwere ike jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etowanye ma banye na nkesa polymer inert.Mgbe dendrites mechara jikọọ cathode na anode, batrị dị mkpụmkpụ ma daa.Aka nri: Otu oyi akwa nke silica nanoparticles ejiri akwa abụọ nke ndị na-ekepụta polymer azụmahịa mee sandwiched.Ya mere, mgbe lithium dendrites na-eto ma banye n'ime onye na-ekesa, ha ga-akpọtụrụ silica nanoparticles na oyi akwa sandwiched wee rie ya na electrochemically.(D) Nchọpụta eletrọn microscopy (SEM) onyonyo nke silica nanoparticle sandwiched separator.(E) Ụdị voltaji na profaịlụ oge nke batrị Li/Li nwere ihe nkesa a na-emekarị (mgbanaka uhie) yana silica nanoparticle sandwiched trilayer separator (obere curve) nwalere n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ.(C), (D), na (E) ka ewegharịrị site n'ikike sitere n'aka John Wiley na Ụmụ.(F) Nleta atụmatụ nke usoro nke ihe mgbakwunye redox shuttle.N'elu elu cathode a na-ebufe ibu, ihe mgbakwunye redox bụ oxidized ka ọ bụrụ [O], nke emesịa ga-ebelata azụ na ọnọdụ mbụ ya [R] n'elu anode site na mgbasa site na electrolyte.Enwere ike idowe okirikiri electrochemical nke oxidation-diffusion-reduction-diffusion ruo mgbe ebighị ebi ma si otú a na-egbochi ikike cathode site na nfefe dị ize ndụ.(G) Ụdị kemịkalụ a na-ahụkarị nke mgbakwunye shuttle redox.(H) Usoro nke ihe mgbakwunye na-emechi ihe karịrị ụgwọ ọrụ nke nwere ike ime electrochemically polymerize na ikike dị elu.(I) Ụdị kemịkalụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe mgbakwunye ihe nkwuchi juju.Edepụtara ikike ịrụ ọrụ nke ihe mgbakwunye n'okpuru usoro molekụla ọ bụla na (G), (H), na (I).
Separators nwere ike electronically mkpuchi cathode na anode na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nlekota ọnọdụ ahụike nke batrị dị na ọnọdụ iji gbochie n'ihu emebi n'oge gara aga ogbo 1. Dị ka ihe atụ, a "bifunctional separator" na polymer-metal-polymer trilayer nhazi.Foto 3B) nwere ike inye ọrụ nhụta voltaji ọhụrụ.Mgbe dendrite na-etolite ma rute n'etiti oyi akwa, ọ ga-ejikọta oyi akwa metal na anode nke na enwere ike ịchọta voltaji mberede n'etiti ha ozugbo dị ka mmepụta.
E wezụga nchọpụta, e mere ihe nkesa trilayer ka ọ rie Li dendrites dị ize ndụ ma belata uto ha mgbe ọ banyere n'ime ihe nkesa ahụ.Otu oyi akwa nke silica nanoparticles, sandwiched site na akwa abụọ nke polyolefin separators azụmahịa (Foto 3, C na D), nwere ike iri ihe ọ bụla Li dendrites dị ize ndụ, si otú ahụ na-emeziwanye nchekwa batrị nke ọma.Ndụ batrị echedoro gbatịpụrụ nke ukwuu site n'ihe dị ka ugboro ise ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke nwere ndị na-ekewapụtakarị (Ihe osise 3E).
Nchekwa oke ibu.Akọwapụtara nchaji dị ka ịchaji batrị karịrị voltaji emebere ya.Overcharging nwere ike ịkpalite site elu kpọmkwem ugbu densities, ike ike odori profaịlụ, wdg, nke nwere ike ime ka a usoro nke nsogbu, gụnyere (i) deposition nke Li metal na anode, nke kpọrọ ihe na-emetụta batrị si electrochemical arụmọrụ na nchekwa;(ii) nbibi nke ihe cathode, na-ahapụ oxygen;na (iii) nbibi nke organic electrolyte, na-ahapụ okpomọkụ na ngwaahịa gaseous (H2, hydrocarbons, CO, wdg), bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọkụ ọkụ.Mmeghachi omume electrochemical n'oge ire ere dị mgbagwoju anya, ụfọdụ n'ime ha edepụtara n'okpuru ebe a.
Ihe akara ngosi (*) na-egosi na ikuku hydrogen sitere na protic, na-ahapụ otu ndị a na-emepụta n'oge oxidation nke carbonates na cathode, nke na-agbasa na anode ka ọ belata ma mepụta H2.
Na ndabere nke ndịiche dị na ọrụ ha, ihe mgbakwunye nchebe karịrị ụgwọ nwere ike nkewa dị ka ihe mgbakwunye redox shuttle na ihe mgbakwunye nkwụsị.Nke mbụ na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ ka ọ ghara ịfefefefegharị, ebe nke ikpeazụ na-akwụsị ọrụ cell kpamkpam.
Ihe mgbakwunye redox shuttle na-arụ ọrụ site na electrochemically na-emechi ụgwọ ngafe etinyere n'ime batrị mgbe chaja gafere.Dị ka e gosiri naIhe osise 3F, Usoro ahụ dabere na mgbakwunye redox nke nwere ikike oxidation dị ntakịrị ala karịa nke decomposition anodic electrolyte.N'elu elu cathode a na-ebufe ibu, ihe mgbakwunye redox bụ oxidized ka ọ bụrụ [O], nke emesịa ga-ebelata azụ na ọnọdụ mbụ ya [R] n'elu anode ka ọ gbasaa site na electrolyte.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ihe mgbakwunye na-ebelata nwere ike ịgbasa azụ na cathode, na usoro electrochemical nke "oxidation-diffusion-reduction-diffusion" nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịru mgbe ebighị ebi ma si otú a na-emechi ikike cathode site n'ịkwụ ụgwọ ọzọ dị ize ndụ.Nnyocha egosiwo na ikike redox nke ihe mgbakwunye kwesịrị ịdị ihe dịka 0.3 ruo 0.4 V karịa ikike nke cathode.
E mepụtala usoro ihe mgbakwunye nke nwere usoro kemịkal ahaziri nke ọma na ikike redox, gụnyere organometallic metallocenes, phenothiazines, triphenylamines, dimethoxybenzenes na usoro ha, na 2- (pentafluorophenyl) -tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodioborole (benzodioborole).Ihe osise 3G).Site n'ịkwado ihe owuwu molekụla, enwere ike ime ka ike oxidation na-agbakwunye ya karịa 4 V, nke dabara maka ngwa ngwa cathode na-eto ngwa ngwa na electrolytes.Ụkpụrụ nhazi nke bụ isi gụnyere iweda orbital molekụla kachasị elu nke ihe mgbakwunye ahụ site n'ịgbakwunye ihe mgbakwunye eletrọn, na-eduga n'ịbawanye ikike oxidation.E wezụga ihe mgbakwunye organic, ụfọdụ salts inorganic, nke na-abụghị nanị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka nnu electrolyte kamakwa nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ụgbọ mmiri redox, dị ka perfluoroborane ụyọkọ salts [ya bụ, lithium fluorododecaborates (Li2B12F).xH12-x, A chọpụtakwara na ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye redox shuttle nke ọma.
Ihe mgbakwunye ịgba ụgwọ nkwuchi mechiri bụ klaasị nke mgbakwunye nchekwa ngafe na-enweghị ike ịtụgharị.Ha na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ site na ịhapụ gas na ikike dị elu, nke, n'aka nke ya, na-eme ka ngwaọrụ nkwụsịtụ dị ugbu a, ma ọ bụ site na electrochemically polymerizing na-adịgide adịgide na ikike dị elu iji kwụsị ọrụ batrị tupu nsonaazụ ọdachi emee (Ihe osise 3H).Ihe atụ nke nke mbụ gụnyere xylene, cyclohexylbenzene, na biphenyl, ebe ihe atụ nke ikpeazụ gụnyere biphenyl na ogige aromatic ndị ọzọ dochie anya.Ihe osise 3I).Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ihe mgbakwunye nkwụsị ka bụ ọrụ ogologo oge na nchekwa nchekwa nke LIB n'ihi oxidation na-enweghị ike ịgbanwe nke ogige ndị a.
Iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị na ogbo 2 (mkpokọ ọkụ na usoro ntọhapụ gas)
Ngwa cathode a pụrụ ịdabere na ya.Oxides ígwè mgbanwe lithium, dị ka oxides oyi akwa LiCoO2, LiNiO2, na LiMnO2;ụdị oxide nke spinel LiM2O4;na ụdị polyanion LiFePO4, bụ ihe ndị a na-ejikarị cathode eme ihe, nke, n'agbanyeghị, nwere nsogbu nchekwa karịsịa na okpomọkụ dị elu.N'ime ha, LiFePO4 a haziri olivine dị nchebe, nke kwụsiri ike ruo 400 Celsius, ebe LiCoO2 na-amalite ire ere na 250 ° C.Ihe kpatara nchekwa LiFePO4 dị mma bụ na ion oxygen niile na-etolite njikọ dị ike na P5 + iji mepụta PO43- tetrahedral polyanions, nke na-eme ka akụkụ atọ ahụ dị elu ma na-enye nkwụsi ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ cathode, ọ bụ ezie na a ka nwere. enweela akụkọ ihe mberede ọkụ batrị ụfọdụ .The isi nchekwa nchegbu na-ebilite site nbibi nke ndị a cathode ihe na elu okpomọkụ na n'out oge oxygen ntọhapụ, nke ọnụ nwere ike iduga combustion na mgbawa, kpọrọ imebi batrị nchekwa .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro kristal nke liNiO2 oxide oyi akwa anaghị akwụsi ike n'ihi ịdị adị nke Ni2+, nha ion nke ya yiri nke Li+.LixNiO2 (x<1) na-eche na ọ na-atụgharị gaa n'ụdị ụdị spinel kwụsiri ike karị LiNi2O4 (spinel) na ụdị rocksalt NiO, na oxygen a tọhapụrụ n'ime mmiri electrolyte na gburugburu 200ºC, na-eduga na combustion electrolyte.
Emeela mbọ dị ukwuu iji kwalite nkwụsi ike nke ihe ndị a katode site na atom doping na mkpuchi mkpuchi elu.
Atom doping nwere ike ịbawanye nkwụsi ike nke ihe oxide oyi akwa n'ihi ihe arụrụ arụ kristal kwụsiri ike.Nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke LiNiO2 ma ọ bụ Li1.05Mn1.95O4 nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma site na ntinye akụkụ nke Ni ma ọ bụ Mn na cations metal ndị ọzọ, dị ka Co, Mn, Mg, na Al.Maka LiCoO2, iwebata ihe doping na alloying dị ka Ni na Mn nwere ike ịbawanye ogo mmalite nke ire ere nke ukwuu.TDec, ebe na-ezere mmeghachi omume na electrolyte na elu okpomọkụ.Otú ọ dị, mmụba na nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke cathode n'ozuzu na-abịa na àjà na ikike pụrụ iche.Iji dozie nsogbu a, emepụtara ihe cathode na-etinye uche-gradient maka batrị lithium nwere ike ịchaji dabere na lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide.Ihe osise 4A) .N'ime ihe a, urughuru nke ọ bụla nwere nnukwu etiti Ni-ọgaranya na oyi akwa mn-ọgaranya, yana mbelata itinye uche Ni na ịbawanye ụbara Mn na Co ka elu na-abịaru nso (Foto 4B).Nke mbụ na-enye ikike dị elu, ebe nke ikpeazụ na-eme ka nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ dịkwuo mma.E gosipụtara ihe cathode akwụkwọ akụkọ a iji meziwanye nchekwa nke batrị na-emebighị ọrụ elektrọnịkị ha.Ihe osise 4C).
Fig. 4 Atụmatụ iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị na ogbo 2: cathodes a pụrụ ịdabere na ya.
(A) Eserese atụmatụ nke urughuru electrode dị mma nwere isi Ni-rich core gbara ya na oyi akwa mpụta gradient gbara ya gburugburu.Nke ọ bụla urughuru nwere a Ni-ọgaranya Central nnukwu Li (Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1) O2 na a Mn-ọgaranya elu oyi akwa [Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1) O2] na ibelata Ni ịta na-amụba Mn na Co ịta. ka elu na-abịaru nso.Nke mbụ na-enye ikike dị elu, ebe nke ikpeazụ na-eme ka nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ dịkwuo mma.Nkezi mejupụtara bụ Li(Ni0.68Co0.18Mn0.18)O2.A na-egosikwa micrograph eletrọn nke na-ahụ anya n'aka nri.(B) Electron-nyocha x-ray microanalysis nsonaazụ ikpeazụ lithated oxide Li(Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18)O2.Mgbanwe ntinye uche nke nta nke nta nke Ni, Mn, na Co na interlayer pụtara ìhè.Ntinye uche Ni na-ebelata, na mkpokọta Co na Mn na-abawanye n'elu.(C) Iche scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces egosi okpomọkụ eruba si mmeghachi omume nke electrolyte na ịta-gradient ihe Li (Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18) O2, Ni-ọgaranya Central ihe Li (Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0. 1)O2, na Mn-ọgaranya elu oyi akwa [Li(Ni0.46Co0.23Mn0.31)O2].Ebubo ihe ndị ahụ na 4.3 V. (A), (B), na (C) site na ikike sitere na Springer Nature.(D) N'aka ekpe: Nbufe eletrọnịkị microscopy (TEM) onyonyo nke na-egbuke egbuke nke AlPO4 nanoparticle- mkpuchi LiCoO2;ume dispersive x-ray spectrometry na-akwado akụkụ Al na P na oyi akwa mkpuchi.Right: Ihe oyiyi TEM dị elu na-egosi AlPO4 nanoparticles (~ 3 nm na dayameta) na oyi akwa mkpuchi nanoscale;Àkú ndị ahụ na-egosi interface n'etiti oyi akwa AlPO4 na LiCoO2.(E) N'aka ekpe: Foto nke cell nwere cathode LiCoO2 efu ka anwalechara 12-V.Selụ ahụ gbara ọkụ wee gbawaa na voltaji ahụ.Aka nri: Foto nke cell nwere AlPO4 nanoparticle – mkpuchi LiCoO2 mgbe ule nfefe 12-V gasịrị.(D) na (E) ka ewegharịrị site n'ikike sitere n'aka John Wiley na Sons.
Usoro ọzọ iji meziwanye nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ bụ iji mkpuchi mkpuchi mkpuchi nke Li + na-eduzi ihe mkpuchi cathode, nke nwere ike igbochi kọntaktị kpọmkwem nke ihe cathode na electrolyte ma si otú ahụ belata mmeghachi omume n'akụkụ na ọgbọ okpomọkụ.Ihe mkpuchi ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri inorganic [dịka ọmụmaatụ, ZnO, Al2O3, AlPO4, AlF3, wdg], nke nwere ike iduzi Li ions mgbe emechara ya.Foto 4, D na E), ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri organic, dị ka poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride), ihe nkiri nchebe nke γ-butyrolactone emebere, na ihe mgbakwunye multicomponent (nke nwere carbonate vinylene, 1,3-propylene sulfite, na dimethylacetamide) .
Iwebata mkpuchi na ọnụọgụ okpomọkụ dị mma dịkwa irè maka ịba ụba nchekwa cathode.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, poly (3-decylthiophene) - mkpuchi LiCoO2 cathodes nwere ike mechie mmeghachi omume electrochemical na mmeghachi omume n'akụkụ ozugbo okpomọkụ na-ebili ruo> 80 Celsius C, dị ka oyi akwa polymer nwere ike gbanwee ngwa ngwa gaa na steeti na-eguzogide.Mkpuchi nke oligomers na-akwụsị onwe ya nwere ihe owuwu ngalaba nwere hyper nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka oyi akwa na-anabata okpomọkụ iji mechie batrị n'akụkụ cathode.
Onye na-anakọta ugbu a nwere ike ịgbanwe ọkụ.Mmechi nke mmeghachi omume electrochemical n'oge okpomọkụ batrị na-abawanye na ọkwa 2 nwere ike igbochi okpomọkụ ka ọ ghara ịba n'ihu.A na-etinye ngwa ngwa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe polymer (TRPS) n'ime n'ime onye nchịkọta ugbu a (Ihe osise 5A) .Ihe nkiri TRPS dị mkpa nwere ihe mejupụtara graphene-coated spiky nanostructured nickel (GrNi) dị ka ihe na-eme ihe na-emepụta ihe na PE matrix nwere nnukwu ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye ọkụ (α ~ 10-4 K-1).Ihe nkiri ihe nkiri polymer mejupụtara dị ka arụpụtara na-egosi ịdị elu conductivity (σ) na ụlọ okpomọkụ, mana mgbe okpomọkụ na-abịaru nso na mgbanwe okpomọkụ (Ts), conductivity na-ebelata n'ime 1 s site na asaa ruo asatọ iwu nke ịdị ukwuu n'ihi mmụba nke polymer, nke na-ekewa ihe ndị na-eduzi ma na-agbaji ụzọ ndị na-eduzi (Foto 5B).Ihe nkiri ahụ ozugbo na-aghọ mkpuchi ma si otú a kwụsị ọrụ batrị (Ihe osise 5C).Usoro a na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ ọbụna mgbe ọtụtụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka ọ ghara imebi ọrụ ahụ.
Fig. 5 Atụmatụ iji dozie okwu ndị dị na ọkwa 2.
(A) Ihe atụ nke usoro ntụgharị ọkụ nke onye na-anakọta TRPS dị ugbu a.Batrị nchekwa nwere otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na-anakọta ugbu a nke ejiri oyi akwa TRPS dị mkpa kpuchie.Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ụlọ okpomọkụ.Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ dị elu ma ọ bụ nnukwu ugbu a, polymer matrix na-agbasawanye, si otú ahụ na-ekewapụ ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, nke nwere ike ibelata conductivity ya, na-abawanye nkwụsi ike ya ma mechie batrị ahụ.Enwere ike ichekwa ihe owuwu batrị na-enweghị mmebi.Na jụrụ oyi, polymer na-ebelata wee nwetaghachi ụzọ izizi izizi.(B) Mgbanwe ngbanwe nke ihe nkiri TRPS dị iche iche dị ka ọrụ nke okpomọkụ, gụnyere PE / GrNi dị iche iche GrNi loading na PP / GrNi na 30% (v / v) nke GrNi.(C) Nchịkọta ike nke ịnya igwe batrị LiCoO2 echekwara n'etiti 25°C na mmechi.Ike dị nso-efu na 70°C na-egosi mmechi zuru oke.(A), (B), na (C) ka emegharịrị site na ikike sitere na Springer Nature.(D) Nnọchite anya atụmatụ mmechi nke dabere na microsphere maka LIBs.A na-eji microspheres na-anabata ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ eletrọd nke, n'elu okpomọkụ dị n'ime batrị dị oke egwu, na-enweta mgbanwe ọkụ (gbazee).Capsules ndị a wụrụ awụ na-ekpuchi elu electrode ahụ, na-akpụ ihe mgbochi na-egbochi ionically ma mechie cell batrị.(E) A na-edozi akpụkpọ ahụ inorganic mejupụtara 94% nke alumina na 6% styrene-butadiene roba (SBR) site na usoro nkedo ngwọta.Aka nri: Foto ndị na-egosi nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ nke ihe nkesa mejupụtara inorganic na ihe nkesa PE.A na-eme ihe nkewa ahụ na 130 Celsius C maka 40 min.PE gbadara nke ọma site na mpaghara nwere oghere nwere ntụpọ.Agbanyeghị, ihe nkesa mejupụtara egosighi mbelata doro anya.Mepụtaghachi ya site na ikike sitere n'aka Elsevier.(F) Ọdịdị molekụla nke ụfọdụ polymers okpomọkụ na-agbaze dị ka ihe nkesa nwere oke okpomọkụ dị ala.N'elu: polyimide (PI).N'etiti: cellulose.N'okpuru: poly (butylene) terephthalate.(G) N'aka ekpe: Ntụle nke DSC spectra nke PI na PE na PP separator;ihe nkesa PI na-egosi nkwụsi ike dị mma na okpomọkụ sitere na 30 ° ruo 275 ° C.Aka nri: Foto igwefoto dijitalụ na-atụnyere wettability nke onye na-ekewa azụmahịa yana ihe nkesa PI nke nwere propylene carbonate electrolyte.Emegharịrị site na ikike sitere na American Chemical Society.
Thermal shutdown separators.Usoro ọzọ iji gbochie batrị site na ịgba ọsọ ọkụ n'oge ogbo 2 bụ imechi ụzọ ntụgharị nke Li ion site na nkewa.Ndị na-ekewapụta bụ ihe ndị bụ isi maka nchekwa nke LIBs, ebe ha na-egbochi kọntaktị eletrik kpọmkwem n'etiti cathode ike dị elu na ihe anode mgbe ha na-enye ohere njem ionic.PP na PE bụ ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe, mana ha enweghị nkwụsi ike na-ekpo ọkụ na-adịghị mma, na-agbaze nke ~ 165 ° na ~ 135 ° C, n'otu n'otu.Maka azụmahịa LIB, ndị na-ekewapụ nwere ihe nhazi trilayer PP/PE/PP adịlarị ere ahịa, ebe PE bụ akwa etiti nchebe.Mgbe okpomọkụ dị n'ime batrị na-abawanye n'elu okpomọkụ dị oke egwu (~ 130 ° C), oyi akwa PE na-agbaze na-agbaze, na-emechi pores fim ahụ ma na-egbochi ịkwaga ions na electrolyte mmiri mmiri, ebe oyi akwa PP na-enye nkwado n'ibu iji zere ime ime. mkpirisi .N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike nweta mmechi nke LIB site na iji thermoresponsive PE ma ọ bụ paraffin wax microspheres dị ka oyi akwa nchebe nke anodes batrị ma ọ bụ nkewa.Mgbe okpomọkụ batrị dị n'ime ahụ ruru uru dị oke egwu, microspheres na-agbaze ma kpuchie anode / separator na ihe mgbochi na-adịghị mma, na-akwụsị ibufe Li-ion ma mechie cell ahụ kpamkpam.Ihe osise 5D).
Separators na elu thermal kwụsie ike.Iji kwalite nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke ndị na-eke batrị, ewepụtala ụzọ abụọ n'ime ọtụtụ afọ gara aga:
(1) Ndị na-ekesa seramiiki, nke a na-emepụta ma ọ bụ site na mkpuchi ozugbo ma ọ bụ n'elu elu nke akwa seramiiki dị ka SiO2 na Al2O3 na polyolefin separator elu ma ọ bụ site n'inwe ntụ ntụ seramiiki agbakwunyere na ihe polymeric.Ihe osise 5E) , gosi ihe mgbaze dị elu na ike igwe dị elu ma nweekwa conductivity thermal dị elu.Ụfọdụ ndị na-ekewapụta ihe ndị ejirila atụmatụ a emepụtala ahịa, dị ka Separion (aha ahia).
(2) Ịgbanwe ihe nkesa site na polyolefin gaa na polymers okpomọkụ na-agbaze dị elu na obere shrinkage n'elu kpo oku, dị ka polyimide , cellulose , poly (butylene) terephthalate, na ndị ọzọ analogous poly (esters), bụ ụzọ ọzọ dị irè usoro iji melite thermal nkwụsi ike. nke separators (Foto 5F).Dịka ọmụmaatụ, polyimide bụ polymer thermosetting nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe ọzọ na-ekwe nkwa n'ihi nkwụsi ike ya dị mma (kwụrụ 400 Celsius C), ezigbo nguzogide kemịkalụ, ike dị elu, ezigbo mmiri ọkụ electrolyte, na ire ọkụ (ọkụ ọkụ).Ihe osise 5G) .
Ngwunye batrị nwere ọrụ jụrụ oyi.Sistemu njikwa okpomọkụ nke ngwaọrụ na-enyere aka site na mgbasa nke ikuku ma ọ bụ mmiri jụrụ oyi ejirila mee ka arụmọrụ batrị dịkwuo mma ma belata mmụba okpomọkụ.Na mgbakwunye, ihe ndị na-agbanwe oge dị ka paraffin wax abanyela n'ime ngwugwu batrị iji mee ihe dị ka ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ iji dozie okpomọkụ ha, ya mere na-ezere mmejọ okpomọkụ.
Iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị na ogbo 3 (ọkụ na mgbawa)
Okpomọkụ, oxygen, na mmanụ ọkụ, nke a maara dị ka "triangle ọkụ," bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ọkụ.Site na nchịkọta okpomọkụ na ikuku oxygen na-emepụta n'oge nkebi 1 na 2, mmanụ ọkụ (ya bụ, electrolytes na-ere ọkụ) ga-amalite na-akpaghị aka.Mbelata ire ọkụ nke ihe mgbaze electrolyte dị oke mkpa maka nchekwa batrị yana ngwa ngwa ndị ọzọ buru ibu nke LIB.
Ihe mgbakwunye ire ọkụ.Mgbalị nyocha dị egwu etinyela aka n'ịmepụta ihe mgbakwunye ire ọkụ na-ebelata ire ọkụ nke electrolytes mmiri.Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe mgbakwunye ire ọkụ na-eji na electrolytes mmiri mmiri na-adabere na ogige phosphorus organic ma ọ bụ ogige halogenated organic.Dị ka halogens dị ize ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ, ogige phosphorus nke organic bụ ndị na-atụ anya ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbakwunye ọkụ na-ere ọkụ n'ihi ike ọkụ ha dị elu na ịdị mma gburugburu ebe obibi.A na-ahụkarị organic phosphorus ogige gụnyere trimethyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, bis (2-methoxyethoxy) methylallylphosphonate, tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, (ethoxy) pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, ethylene ethyl phosphate, wdg.Ihe osise 6A).A na-ekwenyekarị na usoro maka nkwụghachi ọkụ ọkụ nke ogige ndị nwere phosphorus bụ usoro nke na-ekpochapụ kemịkalụ.N'oge combustion, ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere phosphorus nwere ike decompose na phosphorus-nwere ụdị free radical, nke nwere ike kwụsị radicals (dịka ọmụmaatụ, H na OH radicals) eme n'oge agbụ mmeghachi omume propagation na-ahụ maka na-aga n'ihu combustion.Foto 6, B na C).N'ụzọ dị mwute, mbelata nke ire ọkụ na mgbakwunye nke ihe ndị a na-eme ka ọkụ ọkụ nwere phosphorus na-abịa n'ịrụ ọrụ electrochemical.Iji meziwanye ahịa ahịa a, ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ emewo mgbanwe ụfọdụ na nhazi ha: (i) fluorination akụkụ nke alkyl phosphates nwere ike imeziwanye nkwụsi ike ha na-ebelata na ire ọkụ ọkụ ha;(ii) ojiji nke ogige nwere ma ihe nchebe na-emepụta ihe nkiri na ihe na-egbochi ọkụ, dị ka bis (2-methoxyethoxy) methylallylphosphonate, ebe ndị otu allylic nwere ike polymerize ma mepụta ihe nkiri SEI kwụsiri ike n'elu graphite, si otú a na-egbochi akụkụ dị ize ndụ. mmeghachi omume;(iii) mgbanwe nke P (V) phosphate na P (III) phosphites, nke na-eme ka nhazi SEI dị mfe ma nwee ike ịkwụsị PF5 dị ize ndụ [dịka ọmụmaatụ, tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite];na (iv) dochie ihe mgbakwunye organophosphorus na cyclic phosphazene, karịsịa cyclophosphazene fluorinated, bụ nke kwalitere ndakọrịta electrochemical.
Fig. 6 Atụmatụ iji dozie okwu ndị dị na ogbo 3.
(A) Ọdịdị molekụla a na-ahụkarị nke ihe mgbakwunye ire ọkụ.(B) A na-ekwenyekarị na usoro maka nkwụghachi ọkụ ọkụ nke ogige ndị a nwere phosphorus bụ usoro nke na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-egbuke egbuke, nke nwere ike ịkwụsị mmeghachi omume nke radicals nke na-akpata mmeghachi omume combustion na oge gas.TPP, triphenyl phosphate.(C) Oge nkwụsị nke onwe (SET) nke ahụkarị carbonate electrolyte nwere ike ibelata nke ukwuu na mgbakwunye nke triphenyl phosphate.(D) Nhazi nke “smart” electrospun separator nwere ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ na-ebute ọkụ maka LIBs.Ihe nkesa na-enweghị onwe ya bụ nke microfibers nwere ihe nhazi nke isi, ebe ọkụ ọkụ bụ isi na polymer bụ shei.Mgbe ọkụ na-akpalite, shei polymer na-agbaze wee wepụta ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ n'ime electrolyte, si otú a na-egbochi mgbanye na ọkụ nke electrolytes nke ọma.(E) Foto SEM nke TPP@PVDF-HFP microfibers mgbe etching na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya nhazi isi-shell ha.Ogwe ọnụ ọgụgụ, 5 μm.(F) Ọdịdị molekụla a na-ahụkarị nke mmiri mmiri ionic okpomọkụ nke a na-eji dị ka electrolytes na-adịghị ere ọkụ maka LIBs.(G) Usoro ihe omimi nke PFPE, analọgụ PEO enweghị ọkụ.A na-emezi otu carbonate methyl abụọ na njedebe nke ụdọ polymer iji hụ na ndakọrịta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na sistemu batrị ugbu a.
Ekwesiri ighota na a na-enwe ahia mgbe nile n'etiti mbelata flammability nke electrolyte na cell arụmọrụ maka ihe mgbakwunye e depụtara, ọ bụ ezie na a na-emeziwanye nkwekọrịta a site n'ichepụta ihe ndị dị n'elu.Usoro ọzọ a na-atụ aro iji dozie nsogbu a gụnyere itinye ọkụ na-ere ọkụ n'ime shei polymer nchebe nke microfibers, bụ nke a na-akwakọba n'ihu iji mepụta ihe na-adịghị akwa ákwà (Ihe osise 6D) .Emepụtara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ eletrọspun enweghị akwa microfiber nke nwere ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ na-ebute ọkụ maka LIBs.Mkpuchi nke ire ọkụ n'ime shei polymer nchebe na-egbochi ikpughe ọkụ ọkụ na electrolyte ozugbo, na-egbochi mmetụta ọjọọ sitere na retardants na arụ ọrụ electrochemical nke batrị ahụ.Ihe osise 6E).Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na mgbanaka ọkụ nke batrị LIB emee, shei poly (vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoro propylene) copolymer (PVDF-HFP) ga-agbaze ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye.Mgbe ahụ, a ga-ahapụ ihe mgbochi ọkụ nke triphenyl phosphate na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime electrolyte, si otú a na-egbochi ọkụ nke electrolytes na-ere ọkụ nke ọma.
E mepụtakwara echiche “electrolyte nwere nnu” iji dozie nsogbu a.Ndị a organic electrolytes na-emenyụ ọkụ maka batrị enwere ike ịchaji nwere LiN (SO2F) 2 dị ka nnu na ọkụ na-ewu ewu nke trimethyl phosphate (TMP) dị ka naanị ihe mgbaze.Nhazi nke inorganic SEI sitere na nnu siri ike na anode dị oke mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ electrochemical kwụsiri ike.Enwere ike ịgbatị atụmatụ ọhụrụ a ruo ndị ọzọ na-egbochi ire ọkụ ma nwee ike mepee ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ịmepụta ihe mgbaze ọhụrụ na-egbochi ire ọkụ maka LIBs dị nchebe.
Mmiri mmiri electrolytes enweghị ọkụ.Ihe ngwọta kacha mma maka nsogbu nchekwa nke electrolyte ga-abụ ịmepụta electrolytes na-adịghị ere ọkụ.Otu ìgwè nke electrolytes na-adịghị ere ọkụ nke a mụọla nke ọma bụ mmiri mmiri ionic, karịsịa ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe (enweghị ike ịhụ ikuku n'okpuru 200 Celsius) na enweghị ọkụ ma nwee windo okpomọkụ dị obosara.Ihe osise 6F) .Agbanyeghị, a ka na-achọ nyocha na-aga n'ihu iji dozie nsogbu nke ikike ọnụego dị ala na-esite na viscosity ha dị elu, ọnụ ọgụgụ mbufe Li dị ala, enweghị ntụkwasị obi katodic ma ọ bụ reductive, yana ọnụ ahịa mmiri ionic dị elu.
Hydrofluorothers dị arọ nke dị ala bụ klas ọzọ nke electrolytes mmiri na-adịghị ọkụ n'ihi na ha dị elu ma ọ bụ enweghị ọkụ ọkụ, enweghị ọkụ, esemokwu dị ala, obere viscosity, obere okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, wdg.Ekwesịrị ime nhazi ihe omimi nke ọma ka ọ gbanwee akụrụngwa kemịkalụ ha iji mezuo njirisi nke electrolytes batrị.Otu ihe atụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke a na-akọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya bụ perfluoropolyether (PFPE), ihe atụ nke polyethylene oxide (PEO) nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke a maara nke ọma maka enweghị ọkụ.Ihe oyiyi 6G) .A na-emezi otu methyl carbonate abụọ n'otu njedebe nke ụdọ PFPE (PFPE-DMC) iji hụ na ndakọrịta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na sistemu batrị ugbu a.Ya mere, enweghị ọkụ na nkwụsi ike nke PFPE nwere ike imeziwanye nchekwa nke LIBs nke ọma ebe ọ na-abawanye ọnụọgụ nnyefe electrolyte n'ihi nhazi ihe owuwu molekul pụrụ iche.
Nkeji 3 bụ nke ikpeazụ mana ọ kachasị mkpa maka usoro ịgba ọsọ okpomọkụ.Okwesiri iburu n'uche na n'agbanyeghi na agbasiwo mbọ ike iji belata ire ọkụ nke ikuku electrolyte nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, iji electrolytes siri ike na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na-egosi nnukwu nkwa.Ndị electrolytes siri ike na-adaba n'ụdị abụọ: seramiiki inorganic (sulfides, oxides, nitrides, phosphates, wdg) na polymer electrolytes siri ike [nchịkọta nke salts Li na polymers, dị ka poly (ethylene oxide), polyacrylonitrile, wdg].Mgbalị iji meziwanye electrolytes siri ike agaghị akọwapụta ebe a, ebe a chịkọtara isiokwu a nke ọma na ọtụtụ nyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya.
elele
N'oge gara aga, e mepụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ iji meziwanye nchekwa batrị, ọ bụ ezie na edozibeghị nsogbu ahụ kpamkpam.Na mgbakwunye, usoro ndị na-akpata nsogbu nchekwa dị iche iche maka kemistri batrị dị iche iche.Ya mere, a ga-emepụta ihe ndị ahaziri maka batrị dị iche iche.Anyị kwenyere na a ka ga-achọpụta ụzọ dị mma na ihe ndị a haziri nke ọma.N'ebe a, anyị depụtara ọtụtụ ntụzịaka enwere ike maka nyocha nchekwa batrị n'ọdịnihu.
Nke mbụ, ọ dị mkpa ịzụlite na ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ na ụzọ operando iji chọpụta na nyochaa ọnọdụ ahụike nke ime nke LIBs.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro ịgba ọsọ na-ekpo ọkụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na okpomọkụ dị n'ime ma ọ bụ mmụba n'ime LIBs.Otú ọ dị, okpomọkụ nkesa n'ime batrị bụ nnọọ mgbagwoju anya, na ụzọ dị mkpa iji nyochaa kpọmkwem ụkpụrụ maka electrolytes na electrodes, yana separators.Ya mere, inwe ike ịlele parampat ndị a maka akụkụ dị iche iche dị oke mkpa maka ịchọpụta ma si otú a gbochie ihe egwu nchekwa batrị.
Nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ nke ndị na-ekesa dị oké mkpa maka nchekwa batrị.Ndị polymer mepere emepe nke nwere isi mgbaze dị elu na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịbawanye ịdị n'ezi nke thermal nke nkewa.Otú ọ dị, ha n'ibu Njirimara ka dị ala, ukwuu ibelata ha processability n'oge mgbakọ batrị.Ọzọkwa, ọnụahịa bụkwa ihe dị mkpa kwesịrị ịtụle maka ngwa bara uru.
Mmepe nke electrolytes siri ike yiri ka ọ bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị maka nsogbu nchekwa nke LIB.Igwe electrolyte siri ike ga-ebelata ohere nke mkpirisi n'ime batrị, yana ihe egwu nke ọkụ na mgbawa.Ọ bụ ezie na etinyela mgbalị siri ike na ọganihu nke electrolytes siri ike, ọrụ ha na-aga n'ihu na-ada azụ n'azụ nke electrolytes mmiri mmiri.Ngwakọta nke inorganic na polymer electrolytes gosipụtara ikike dị ukwuu, mana ha chọrọ nhazi na nkwadebe siri ike.Anyị na-ekwusi ike na nhazi nke ọma nke inorganic-polymer interfaces na injinia nke nhazi ha dị oke mkpa maka njem Li-ion nke ọma.
Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na electrolyte mmiri mmiri abughi nani ihe batrị nke na-ere ọkụ.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-ebo LIBs nke ukwuu, ihe anode na-ere ọkụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, graphite) bụkwa nnukwu nchegbu nchekwa.A na-achọrọ ndị na-ere ọkụ nke nwere ike ịgbachitere ọkụ nke ihe ndị siri ike nke ọma iji mee ka nchekwa ha dịkwuo elu.Enwere ike ịgwakọta ihe ndị na-ere ọkụ na graphite n'ụdị ihe nkedo polymer ma ọ bụ ihe na-eduzi.
Nchekwa batrị bụ nsogbu dị mgbagwoju anya na ọkaibe.Ọdịnihu nke nchekwa batrị na-akpọ maka mbọ ndị ọzọ na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro maka nghọta miri emi na mgbakwunye na ụzọ njirimara dị elu karịa, nke nwere ike inyekwu ozi iji duzie nhazi ihe.Ọ bụ ezie na Nyocha a na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa ọkwa ihe, ekwesịrị iburu n'uche na a chọrọ usoro zuru oke iji dozie okwu nchekwa nke LIBs, ebe ihe, akụkụ cell na usoro, na modul batrị na ngwugwu na-arụ ọrụ nha anya iji mee ka batrị bụrụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ya tupu oge eruo. a na-ahapụ ha n'ahịa.
Ntụaka na ndetu
Kai Liu, Yayuan Liu, DingchangLin, Allen Pei, Yi Cui, Ngwa maka nchekwa batrị lithium-ion, ScienceAdvances, DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aas9820
Oge nzipu: Jun-05-2021
